{"id":16023,"date":"2019-01-03T13:11:35","date_gmt":"2019-01-03T13:11:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.toggl.com\/?p=16023"},"modified":"2024-06-21T11:55:26","modified_gmt":"2024-06-21T11:55:26","slug":"pert-chart","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/pert-chart","title":{"rendered":"What Is A PERT Chart, Benefits &#038; How To Create One"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A PERT chart can help you plan how long projects will take, as well as identify and understand the interdependencies between tasks.<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When it comes to successfully planning and managing projects, your job would be a whole lot easier if you had a crystal ball. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you could just rub your hands over that glass orb and immediately understand what needs to be done, how long it will take, and how it\u2019s all connected, keeping everything on track would be way less stressful.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here\u2019s the bad news: We don\u2019t have a crystal ball for you. But, let\u2019s follow that up with the good news: A PERT chart can help you visualize your project in a similar way\u2014no magic required.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intrigued? We thought so. Let\u2019s dig into everything you need to know about using a PERT chart to more efficiently and effectively plan your team\u2019s projects. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What Exactly is a PERT Chart?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PERT stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique. Sounds fancy, right? The system was actually <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brighthubpm.com\/project-planning\/14025-five-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-pert-chart\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">coined by the U.S. Navy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when they were working on the Polaris Missile Project in the late 1950s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PERT charts have continued to evolve since then\u2014they even spurred a method used by the private sector called the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/whatis.techtarget.com\/definition\/critical-path-method-CPM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Critical Path Method<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. That\u2019s another term you\u2019ll hear a lot in project management circles, and it\u2019s remarkably similar to PERT charts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, let\u2019s not confuse you\u2014we\u2019re going to stay focused on PERT charts in particular.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When you boil it all down, using a PERT chart helps project managers to: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Schedule and organize tasks and activities within a project<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Determine the predicted time the entire project will take<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understand how project tasks and activities are interrelated and dependent on one another<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can think of your PERT chart as a roadmap for your project. In fact, that\u2019s exactly how Harold Kerzner describes it in his book \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Project-Management-Approach-Scheduling-Controlling\/dp\/1118022270\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d: <\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can be easily considered as a road map for a particular program or project, where all the major elements (or events) have been completely identified, along with their corresponding inter-relations.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In some ways, a PERT chart has similarities to a Gantt chart. However, a PERT chart is used more proactively to determine the best order of a project\u2019s activities and the projected duration of those tasks, while a Gantt chart is used while a project is actually happening.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additionally, a PERT chart uses time measurements (i.e. days, weeks, etc.) to indicate length of time, while a Gantt chart usually lists specific dates. Finally, some Gantt charts list who is responsible for certain tasks, while PERT charts don\u2019t assign responsibilities. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alright, here\u2019s your next question: What exactly do PERT charts look like? They can vary pretty significantly depending on the specific project and scenario.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, PERT charts can be relatively straightforward and simple, like this one:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1420\" height=\"470\" src=\"https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SimplePertChart-1.png\" alt=\"Simple PERT Chart\" class=\"wp-image-16029\" srcset=\"https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SimplePertChart-1.png 1420w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SimplePertChart-1-300x99.png 300w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SimplePertChart-1-1024x339.png 1024w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SimplePertChart-1-768x254.png 768w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SimplePertChart-1-940x311.png 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1420px) 100vw, 1420px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lucidchart.com\/blog\/advantages-of-pert-charts-vs-gantt-charts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Image via Lucidchart<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Or, they can become far more advanced and complex, like the below:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"434\" src=\"https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/ComplexPertChart-1.jpg\" alt=\"Complex PERT Chart\" class=\"wp-image-16030\" srcset=\"https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/ComplexPertChart-1.jpg 576w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/ComplexPertChart-1-300x226.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tmeconsult.weebly.com\/business-development.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Image via TME Consulting<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the appearance of PERT charts can run the gamut, there are some basic principles that hold true regardless of how complicated your specific chart gets. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Beginner\u2019s PERT Chart Glossary<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With that in mind, let\u2019s cover a few of the terms you\u2019ll see popping up again and again when creating PERT charts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There\u2019s no shortage of terms and concepts involved in a PERT chart (and we recommend checking out <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.anychart.com\/PERT_Chart\/Terminology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">this helpful resource<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to dig into them all!). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, for the sake of keeping this beginner-friendly, we\u2019re going to define only the ones that you absolutely need to know to get started.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Milestone:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> You will also hear this referred to as a \u201cPERT event.\u201d This milestone represents the start or completion of a task (or several tasks) and uses no time or resources. For example, the start milestone indicates the start of the project and the finish milestone marks the completion of the project. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milestones are indicated with circles on the PERT chart. They can either be labeled with numbers or have the actual milestone written inside the circle. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>Task:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This can also be referred to as an activity. A task is just what it sounds like: something that requires time and resources and needs to be performed in order to push the project toward completion. These will most often be phrased as \u201cverb noun\u201d (i.e. \u201ccreate guest list\u201d or \u201cdesign invites\u201d). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tasks are represented with arrows on the PERT chart.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Be aware that there are two different types of tasks: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Predecessors:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These tasks come before a milestone<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Successors:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These tasks immediately follow a milestone<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Time:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Because the PERT chart is used to help you determine how long a project will take, time is a key element of the chart. The time estimate is often listed below the arrow for each task. The PERT chart comes with four different ways you can estimate the time required for tasks. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Optimistic Time (o): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The minimum amount of time required to complete a task, when things go even better than you expected. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Pessimistic Time (p):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The maximum amount of time required to complete a task, when everything goes wrong. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Most Likely Time (m):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Your best guess as to how long it will take to complete a task, when things go exactly as you predicted. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Expected Time (te):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The most realistic estimate of how long a task will take, considering that even the best laid plans don\u2019t always work out. Use the following equation to determine the expected time for a given task: <\/span><b>te = (o + 4m + p) \u00f7 6<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Critical Path:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This is the longest possible path from the starting milestone to the finishing milestone. Following this path shows you the amount of time the entire project will take. Any delay that occurs along the critical path means a delay for the entire project. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Slack:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This is the measure of excess time and resources available to complete a task. It\u2019s the amount of time a task can be delayed without causing delays for any subsequent tasks or the project as a whole. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Creating a PERT Chart: A Case Study<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alright, do you have the basics nailed down? There\u2019s no better way to understand how a PERT chart functions than by building one. So, let\u2019s setup an example scenario and put together a PERT chart of our own.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You and your team are designing a large ebook with the intention of collecting client leads. There are numerous steps to take, as well as different people and departments involved in making the ebook a success. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You want to understand exactly how long creating the ebook will take, so you know when you need to get started. Additionally, you want to understand how different tasks depend on one another (for example, you can\u2019t do any design work until the outline is completed) so you do things as efficiently as possible. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Got it? Let\u2019s build our PERT chart! <\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5 Steps to Create a Simple PERT Chart<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Break your project down into milestones and tasks. <\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now that you know there are two key elements of a PERT chart (milestones and tasks), you should start by listing out the different ones that are involved in your project.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using our ebook example, you could identify the following milestones and tasks as part of your overall project:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Milestones:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Start Date<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outline Completed<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First Draft Completed<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tech Assets Completed<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Final Version Ready<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ebook Launched<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Tasks: <\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Create outline<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Draft copy<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Design ebook<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify target audience<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proofread copy<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proofread again (final look)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Create landing page<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Launch landing page<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Spot any dependencies.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With your milestones and tasks all listed out, it\u2019s time to turn your attention to the tasks in particular. What dependencies are there? What tasks can\u2019t be completed without a different task happening first?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, you can\u2019t design the ebook until you have some of the outline or copy completed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Make note of these task dependencies now. Those will be important as you move to the next step and begin plotting out your PERT chart.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Plot out your PERT chart.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s time to start using the circles and arrows to plot out the best sequence for your tasks and milestones. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This can feel overwhelming at first (particularly if you have a complex project). So, I recommend starting by placing your beginning milestone and ending milestone on either end of your chart. Now, you can work to fill in the middle. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After doing so, we end up with a simple PERT chart that looks like this:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChart1-1.png\" alt=\"Simple PERT Chart\" class=\"wp-image-16031\" srcset=\"https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChart1-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChart1-1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChart1-1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChart1-1-500x250.png 500w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChart1-1-940x470.png 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Add time estimates for each task.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remember, the goal of your PERT chart was to figure out how long a specific project will take you. So, now it\u2019s time to add in your time estimates underneath your task arrows.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use the formula we outlined above to figure out the expected time for each task and then note that. After doing so, here\u2019s what our PERT chart looks like:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartTimeEstimates-1.png\" alt=\"PERT Chart Time Estimates\" class=\"wp-image-16032\" srcset=\"https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartTimeEstimates-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartTimeEstimates-1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartTimeEstimates-1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartTimeEstimates-1-500x250.png 500w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartTimeEstimates-1-940x470.png 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. Spot your critical path.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you\u2019re using this PERT chart as a way to definitively figure out how long you should plan a project to take, your next best move is to look at the critical path (remember, that\u2019s the path that will take the most time).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Add up the time estimates on your critical path. That\u2019s how long the entire project should take from start to finish (in the case of this ebook, 23 working days). Any delays along that critical path will slow down your project. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartCriticalPath-1.png\" alt=\"PERT Chart Critical Path\" class=\"wp-image-16033\" srcset=\"https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartCriticalPath-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartCriticalPath-1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartCriticalPath-1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartCriticalPath-1-500x250.png 500w, https:\/\/toggl.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SamplePERTChartCriticalPath-1-940x470.png 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Get Started With Your Own PERT Chart<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">See? It\u2019s not quite as complicated as you assumed it would be, is it? <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One more thing that\u2019s important to note: Once your PERT chart is created, that doesn\u2019t mean it\u2019s set in stone. You can (and should) update the estimated time with actual times once you have an understanding of how long tasks actually take.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That will help you better plan your product schedule. And, it\u2019ll be a huge help if you need to oversee a similar project in the future.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We know that a crystal ball would be undeniably handy when you\u2019re in charge of managing a project\u2014you\u2019d love to know exactly what\u2019s going to happen and how long those things will take.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unfortunately, we don\u2019t have a crystal ball laying around. But, we like to think that a PERT chart is the next best thing. Use one for your next big project that involves numerous tasks, and you\u2019ll feel like you have at least a little bit of magic in your corner. <\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discover what a PERT chart is and its benefits in project management. Learn to create and use one effectively.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":265,"featured_media":16088,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[851],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16023","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-project-management"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What Is A PERT Chart, Benefits &amp; How To Create One<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover what a PERT chart is and its benefits in project management. 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